Aspects of Reason by Paul Grice

Author:Paul Grice [Grice, Paul]
Language: eng
Format: epub, pdf
ISBN: 0198242522

end p.53

there is a corresponding distinction between two "uses" of ordinary indicatives; sometimes one is declaring or affirming that p, one's intention being primarily to get the hearer to think that the speaker thinks that p; while sometimes one is telling the hearer that p, that is to say, hoping to get him to think that p. It is true that in the case of indicatives, unlike that of volitives, there is no pair of devices which would ordinarily be thought of as mood-markers which serves to distinguish the sub-mood of an indicative sentence; the recognition of the sub-mood has to come from context, from the vocative use of the name of H, from the presence of a speech-act verb, or from a sentence-adverbial phrase (like "for your information"). But I have already, in my initial assumptions, allowed for such a situation. This A/B distinction seemed to me to be also discernible in interrogatives (of this, a little more later).

The differentials are each associated with, and serve to distinguish, 'superior' moods (judicative, volitive) and, apart from one detail in the case of interrogatives, are invariant between 'A' and 'B' sub-moods of the superior mood; they are merely unsupplemented or supplemented, the former for an 'A' sub-mood and the latter for a 'B' sub-mood. The radical needs at this point (I hope) no further explanation, except that it might be useful to bear in mind that I have not stipulated that the radical for an 'intentional' (Volitive A ) incorporate a reference to U ("be in the first person"), nor that the radical for an 'imperative' (Volitive B ) incorporate a reference of H ("be in the second person"); "They shall not pass" is a legitimate intentional, as is "You shall not get away with it"; and "The sergeant is to muster the men at dawn" (said by a captain to a lieutenant) is a perfectly good imperative. I will give in full two examples of actual specifiers derived from the schema shown in Fig. 2. (1)

U to utter to H Ap if U wills (that) H judges (that) U judges p.

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